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Mental Retardation

Mental Retardation is defined as below-average general intellectual function with associated deficits in adaptive behavior that occurs before age 18. It is characterized by significantly sub-average intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with related limitations in two or more of the following applicable adaptable skill areas: communication, self-care, home living, social skills, community use, self direction, health and safety, functional academics, leisure and work.


Mental retardation has been classified by the degree or level of intellectual impairment, as measured by an IQ test. The most widely used classification method consists of four levels of mental retardation according to the range of IQ scores shown in the table below.

Level Intelligence Test Score
Mild retardation 50-55 to approx. 70
Moderate retardation 35-40 to 50-55
Severe retardation 20-25 to 35-40
Profound retardation Below 20-25

There are numerous causes of mental retardation, but a specificity is determined in only 25% of the cases. Failure to adapt normally and grow intellectually may become apparent early in life or, in the case of mild retardation, not become recognizable until school age or later. An assessment of age-appropriate adaptive behaviors can be made by the use of developmental screening tests. The failure to achieve developmental milestones is suggestive of mental retardation. A family may suspect mental retardation if motor skills, language skills, and self-help skills do not seem to be developing in a child or are developing at a far slower rate than the child’s peers. The degree of impairment from mental retardation has a wide range from profoundly impaired (5%) to mild or borderline retardation (80-90%). Less emphasis is now placed on degree of retardation and more on the amount of intervention and care required for daily life.


 


Other Assessment Tools


Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test - Revised (PPVT-R):
The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test – Third Edition (PPVT-III) is an individually administered, untimed, norm-referenced, wide-range test. It serves two purposes: (1) as an achievement test of receptive vocabulary attainment for standard English; and (2) as a screening test of verbal ability. However, it can be used for this second purpose only when English is the language of the examinee’s home, community, and school. The PPVT-R is appropriate for individuals between the ages of 2½ and adulthood and measures receptive knowledge of vocabulary. It is a multiple choice test requiring only a pointing response and no reading ability, thus making it useful for hearing individuals with a wide range of abilities, particularly children with language based disabilities.


Columbia Mental Maturity Scale:
This test provides comprehensive measurement of the functional capacities that are basic to learning, problem-solving, and responding to new situations. Twelve administrative units, measuring various aspects of mental ability, contribute to a pattern of summary and derived scores (mental ages, intelligence quotients, standard scores, stanines, and percentile ranks) that are interpreted within a framework of inter- and intra-individual differences. It serves both survey and analytical purposes for educators, counsellors, psychologists, and employers in a wide variety of testing situations. It can be used with children who have significant physical limitations. It is appropriate for children between the ages of 3½ years and 9 years, 11 months. The Columbia has a mean of 100, a standard deviation of 16, and can be interpreted using age equivalents.


Leiter International Performance Scale:
This test is a nonverbal intelligence test which was originally designed for deaf children but is often used with a child who cannot, or will not, communicate in a verbal way. Children who are too young to have developed language, children whose primary language is not English, children who are deaf, of course, and children who are excessively shy and will not talk, can all be tested with the Leiter. Interpretation of the results of this test, as in other intelligence tests, gives an estimate of how well the child is able to learn.

This test is visually appealing to children and even the most obstinant child eventually enjoys manipulating the materials in this test. The psychologist does not have to say anything to the child, but rather conveys what the child is to do by demonstrating and making hand motions that even the youngest child can understand. Similarly, the child does not have to respond verbally, but is able to move response blocks into their appropriate slots to demonstrate their understanding of the concept being measured.